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e472

Esters of synthetic fats, produced from glycerol, natural fatty acids and another organic acid (acetic, lactic, tartaric, citric). The fatty acids are mainly from plant origin, but also fats of animal origin may be used. The product generally is a mixture of different components, with a composition similar to partially digested natural fat esterified with other natural acids. Occurs in fruit skins and nuts. Emulsifier, stabiliser, coating agent, texture modifier, solvent and lubricant. Used in high fat bread, edible fats, whipped fats and meat products. No known adverse effects, but less frequently it may cause diarrhoea, thirst, dizziness and mental confusion. Although mainly vegetable oils are used, the use of animal fat (incl. pork) can not be excluded. Several groups, such as vegans, Muslims and Jews thus avoid these products. Only the producer can give detailed information on the origin of the fatty acids. Chemically the fatty acids from vegetable or animal origin are identical.

E471

Synthetic fats, produced from glycerol and natural fatty acids, mainly from plant origin, but also fats of animal origin may be used. The product generally is a mixture of different products, with a composition similar to partially digested natural fat. For use in baked goods, all types of dairy foods, margarine and ice cream. No known adverse effects. The body metabolises the products as any other fat. The individual components are also produced normally in the body when digesting normal fat. Although mainly vegetable oils are used, the use of animal fat (incl. pork) can not be excluded. Several groups, such as vegans, Muslims and Jews thus avoid these products. Only the producer can give detailed information on the origin of the fatty acids. Chemically the fatty acids from vegetable or animal origin are identical.

Gulai Kambing

Lamb Curry
(Gulai Kambing)

Ingredients: 1 lb. lamb meat 6 small shallots 3 cloves garlic 1 cm turmeric 6 cnadlenuts 4 lime leaves 1 stalk lemongrass 4 salam leaves 2 liter coconut milk Salt to taste Pepper to taste Vegetables oil as needed

Instructions: Cut lamb meat into some parts. Grind shallots. garlic, candlenuts and turmeric to form a paste. Stir fry lamb meat in a large pan with 2 Tbs. vegetables oil on medium high heat. Put in the ground spices paste and dtir until fragrant. Add lime leaves, lemongrass and salam leaves, salt and pepper. Finally, pour the coconut milk and let it boil until the lamb is cooked and tender and the liquid is thickened. Ready to serve. Makes 3-4 servings.

penyakit Burung

Soil contamination is caused by the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. This type of contamination typically arises from the rupture of underground storage tanks, application of pesticides, percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, oil and fuel dumping, leaching of wastes from landfills or direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead and other heavy metals. This occurrence of this phenomenon is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensity of chemical usage.

The concern over soil contamination stems primarily from health risks, both of direct contact and from secondary contamination of water supplies^[1]. Mapping of contaminated soil sites and the resulting cleanup are time consuming and expensive tasks, requiring extensive amounts of geology, hydrology, chemistry and computer modeling skills.

It is in North America and Western Europe that the extent of contaminated land is most well known, with many of countries in these areas having a legal framework to identify and deal with this environmental problem; this however may well be just the tip of the iceberg with developing countries very likely to be the next generation of new soil contamination cases.

The immense and sustained growth of the People's Republic of China since the 1970s has exacted a price from the land in increased soil pollution. The State Environmental Protection Administration believes it to be a threat to the environment, to food safety and to sustainable agriculture. According to a scientific sampling, 150 million mi (100,000 square kilometres) of China’s cultivated land have been polluted, with contaminated water being used to irrigate a further 32.5 million mi (21,670 square kilometres) and another 2 million mi (1,300 square kilometres) covered or destroyed by solid waste. In total, the area accounts for one-tenth of China’s cultivatable land, and is mostly in economically developed areas. An estimated 12 million tonnes of grain are contaminated by heavy metals every year, causing direct losses of 20 billion yuan (US$2.57 billion). ^[2].

The United States, while having some of the most widespread soil contamination, has actually been a leader in defining and implementing standards for cleanup^[3]. Other industrialized countries have a large number of contaminated sites, but lag the U.S. in executing remediation. Developing countries may be leading in the next generation of new soil contamination cases.

Each year in the U.S., thousands of sites complete soil contamination cleanup, some by using microbes that “eat up” toxic chemicals in soil^[4], many others by simple excavation and others by more expensive high-tech soil vapor extraction or air stripping. At the same time, efforts proceed worldwide in creating and identifying new sites of soil contamination, particularly in industrial countries other than the U.S., and in developing countries which lack the money and the technology to adequately protect soil resources.

patogen

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering, passion", and γἰγνομαι (γεν-) gignomai (gen-) "I give birth to"), infectious agent, or (more commonly) germ, is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host.^[1][2] The term pathogen is derived from the Greek "that which produces suffering." There are several substrates and pathways whereby pathogens can invade a host; the principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil contamination has the longest or most persistent potential for harboring a pathogen.

The body contains many natural defenses against some of the common pathogens (such as Pneumocystis) in the form of the human immune system and by some "helpful" bacteria present in the human body's normal flora. However, if the immune system or "good" bacteria is damaged in any way (such as by chemotherapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens), pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host. Such cases are called opportunistic infection

Some pathogens (such as the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which may have caused the Black Plague, the Variola virus, and the Malaria protozoa) have been responsible for massive numbers of casualties and have had numerous effects on afflicted groups. Of particular note in modern times is HIV, which is known to have infected several million humans globally, along with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the Influenza virus. Today, while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens, through the use of vaccination, antibiotics, and fungicide, pathogens continue to threaten human life. Social advances such as food safety, hygiene, and water treatment have reduced the threat from some pathogens.

Not all pathogens are negative. In entomology, pathogens are one of the "Three P's" (predators, pathogens, and parasitoids) that serve as natural or introduced biological controls to suppress arthropod pest populations.

Penyakit Ikan

Current Status of Transboundary Fish Diseases in Malaysia: Occurrence, Surveillance, Research and Training Faazaz Abd. Latiff National Fish Health Research Centre Fisheries Research Institute 11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia Introduction Malaysia lies within 1000 and 1190 East longitudes, and 70 North latitude (Fig. 1). Neighbouring countries are Thailand to the north and Singapore to the south. The country consists of two land masses with a total area of 330,434 square kilometres: Peninsular Malaysia is located south of Thailand, while East Malaysia, comprising the states of Sabah and Sarawak, stretches along the northern part of Borneo. The two land masses are separated by the South China Sea. Malaysia has a total coastline of 4,675 km, with 2,068 km for the Peninsula and about 2,607 km for East Malaysia. It is on a strategic location along Straits of Malacca and southern South China Sea. The fisheries sector plays an important role in providing fish as a source of food and protein. It contributes about 1.54% of the GDP and provides direct employment to 84,496 fishermen and 22,108 fish culturists. Over the years, the industry has succeeded in achieving a steady production from its marine inshore fisheries amounting to an average of 1.06 million tons (Annual Fisheries Statistics, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001). In 2001, the fisheries sector produced RM 5.45 billion (Euro 1.25 billion) consisting of 1,408,308 metric tons (MT) of fish valued at RM 5.37 billion, and 338 million pieces of ornamental fish valued at RM 81 million. Statistically, the sector recorded an overall decrease in production by 3.12%, but an increased value of 0.06% compared to 2000 figures. Production from marine capture fisheries yielded 1,231,289 MT with a value of RM 4.17 billion. Within the sector, the coastal fisheries remained the major contributor with a production of 1,063,363 MT valued at RM 3.66 billion. The aquaculture sector recorded a production of 177,019 MT, which constituted 12.6% of the total fish production valued at RM 1,206.59 million. The inland fisheries sector remained insignificant producing only 3,446 MT or 0.24% of the total fish production (Annual Fisheries Statistics, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001). The lists of aquatic animal species traded live for food and other purposes are given in Appendices 1A-1F.

gelatin

GELATINE...

What is gelatin/gelatine? Is there any alternative to it?

Gelatin (US spelling) or gelatine (British spelling) (used to make Jell-o and other desserts) is made from the boiled bones, skins and tendons of animals. An alternative substance is called Agar-Agar, which is derived from seaweed. Another is made from the root of the Kuzu. Agar-Agar is sold in noodle-like strands, in powdered form, or in long blocks, and is usually white-ish in color.

Some Kosher gelatins are made with agar-agar, most are not. Some things that are vegan that are replacing gelatin are: guar gum and carrageenan. Only some 'emulsifiers' are vegan. Gelatin is used in photography. Although the technology exists to replace photographic film, its price is currently prohibitive and there is insufficient demand. Hopefully, with the growth of vegetarianism and veganism, this situation will soon change.

What is kosher gelatine?

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birthday abah...

Birthday abh- 31 January ...mama hadiahkan jam Casio untuk abh...
Alhamdulillah!!! mama blikan sebelum abah 's birthday bcause my abah were so excited!!! Cool Hey?When we got home,me n my mum packed the present 4 dad straight away coz we doesn't want abah 2 see us..Then,we give it 2 him,n we said' Happy Birthday abah,42 years old'!!!Abah said,he likes it,me n my mum were really happy about it.. Actually,we went 2 the Indooroopilly for....searching(abah's present). We got into Jewelleries shop,then we saw a nice and cool watch,so we were thinking should we get this watch for abah? At last,we decided to buy that watch...yeah!!!During that, Miss Akayo (manager assistance),were helping us to find a watch 4 abah too! She chose a watch that made from Metal,but mum doesn't like it though. 2 minutes ago...we find a right watch 4 abh-made from tough leather,but in inside,wow..cantik!

That's how we got abah's present...Happy birthday,abah!!!

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